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Research Article
The Impact of Climate Change on Food Accessibility in Egypt: An Empirical Analysis of Prevalence of Undernourishment
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 5, October 2026
Pages:
178-190
Received:
28 June 2026
Accepted:
14 July 2026
Published:
9 September 2026
Abstract: Climate change is negatively affecting food systems as a whole, as weather events are becoming more frequent and severe, which will pose a challenge to food production and may threaten the world’s people's ability to access and afford healthy diets, particularly in lower-income countries with higher rates of hunger and poverty. Inadequate diets will exacerbate the harm caused to people’s health and lead to higher rates of malnutrition among the population. In this study, we aim to examine the impact of climate change on food accessibility in Egypt over the period 2001–2023. We adopted the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to trace long-run and short-run effects. The empirical results indicate a significant negative effect of climate change on food access, with temperature having a positive effect on the prevalence of malnutrition—as temperature-related shocks negatively affect food supply and lead to higher domestic food prices, which in turn limit people’s ability to purchase healthy and adequate food, thereby increasing malnutrition rates among the population. Food price inflation negatively impacts access to food, as these sharp price increases lead to a contraction in real income and higher rates of malnutrition during climate shocks. With regard to gross domestic product per capita and its positive impact on access to food, this demonstrates that purchasing power and income act as fundamental structural buffers protecting Egyptians households from sharp rises in food price inflation. As for per capita food production, this has a negative impact on malnutrition rates.
Abstract: Climate change is negatively affecting food systems as a whole, as weather events are becoming more frequent and severe, which will pose a challenge to food production and may threaten the world’s people's ability to access and afford healthy diets, particularly in lower-income countries with higher rates of hunger and poverty. Inadequate diets wil...
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Research Article
Predictive Bioavailability of Iron, Calcium, and Zinc in Traditional and Composite Flours Made from Roasted Corn, Soybean, and Peanut Powders
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 5, October 2026
Pages:
191-198
Received:
5 August 2026
Accepted:
22 August 2026
Published:
9 September 2026
Abstract: In Ivory Coast, roasted corn kernels are used to produce roasted corn flour, which is rich in carbohydrates but low in protein, vitamins, and minerals. To enhance the nutritional value of this flour, 5% roasted peanut powder and 5% roasted soybean powder were added. The objective is to highlight the nutritional and health benefits by assessing the predictive bioavailability of nutrients such as calcium, zinc, and iron in the composite flour formulated from roasted ingredients. The methodology involved determining the levels of calcium, zinc, and iron using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, analyzing antinutritional factors (phytic acid, oxalate), and calculating predictive bioavailability based on molar ratios. The results showed that the levels of zinc, iron, calcium, oxalate, and phytic acid, in the composite flour, were 2.67 mg/100 g MS; 1.44 mg/100 g MS; 132.45 mg/100 g MS; 8.03 mg/100 g MS; and 3.48 mg/100 g MS, respectively. In addition, the molar ratios phytates/Ca, phytates/Fe, phytates/Zn, Calcium×Phytate/ Zinc et oxalates/Ca were well below their critical values, indicating high bioavailability. It is therefore necessary to promote the use of soybean and peanut powders in the production of composite flours in order to improve the nutritional quality and health benefits of foods made from local agricultural resources.
Abstract: In Ivory Coast, roasted corn kernels are used to produce roasted corn flour, which is rich in carbohydrates but low in protein, vitamins, and minerals. To enhance the nutritional value of this flour, 5% roasted peanut powder and 5% roasted soybean powder were added. The objective is to highlight the nutritional and health benefits by assessing the ...
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Research Article
Excess Weight and Its Association with Physical Activity, Electronic Screen Time, and Meal Regularity Among Costa Rican Students Aged 10 to 15
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 5, October 2026
Pages:
199-210
Received:
18 August 2026
Accepted:
27 August 2026
Published:
18 September 2026
Abstract: Background: Excess weight and behaviors related to physical activity, electronic screen use, and dietary habits are interrelated dimensions of youth health. Objective: To determine whether excess weight was associated with physical activity frequency, electronic screen time, and meal regularity among Costa Rican students aged 10 to 15. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 900 students from 15 schools in Montes de Oca, Costa Rica. Excess weight—defined as overweight or obesity—was classified according to the World Health Organization's body mass index-for-age reference criteria. Prevalence, bivariate associations, and adjusted odds ratios were estimated using binary logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of excess weight was 37.8%. Skipping breakfast was associated with a higher likelihood of excess weight after adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic status, nationality, family structure, skipping dinner, physical activity, and electronic screen time (adjusted OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.11-2.51). Engaging in physical activity three or more days a week was associated with a lower likelihood of excess weight (adjusted OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.56-0.99). Electronic screen time of two or more hours per day did not show an independent association. Conclusions: In this school-based sample, excess weight was associated with skipping breakfast and a lower weekly frequency of physical activity. Due to the cross-sectional design, the findings should be interpreted as simultaneous associations rather than causal or temporal relationships.
Abstract: Background: Excess weight and behaviors related to physical activity, electronic screen use, and dietary habits are interrelated dimensions of youth health. Objective: To determine whether excess weight was associated with physical activity frequency, electronic screen time, and meal regularity among Costa Rican students aged 10 to 15. Method: A cr...
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Research Article
Mapping and Compliance of Labeling for Some Edible Oils Fortified with Vitamin A and Sold in the Republic of Niger
Maman Manzo Lawaly*
,
Abdoukadri Laouali,
Adamou Aboubacar,
Aminou Illia Maman Nafiou,
Boubacar Abdou Soumana,
Issa Ibrahim Abdoulkarim
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 5, October 2026
Pages:
211-220
Received:
23 August 2026
Accepted:
1 September 2026
Published:
18 September 2026
Abstract: Mandatory food labeling helps Nigerien consumers to understand the origin, identity and nutritional profile of a product. So, what compliance criteria apply to vegetable oils sold on the market? The aim of this study was to assess the compliance of several edible oils available in Niger with international and local standards for labeling pre-packaged foods and refined edible oils respectively. This is a cross-sectional survey, which targeted edible oils packed in different retail containers. An inventory of these oils was carried out in 80 retail stores. Relevant data were extracted from the labels and entered into an electronic database for conformity assessment against the provisions of the reference standards. A total of 49 brands of edible oil were identified as palm oil (53.06%), soybean oil (20.41%), sunflower oil (2.04%), peanut oil (2.04%), and the remaining brands as unknown types of oil (22.45%). The assessment for conformity showed that the 37(97.36%) brands of edible oil comply with the mandatory labeling requirements as set out in CODEX STAN 1-1985. Of the 26 brands of edible oil listed as palm oils, 15 had a fortified label for vitamin A, of which 10 were from African countries and the other 5 were from Asian countries. Globally, our results revealed the diversity of edible oils and their countries of origin, as well as the non-compliance of certain brands with labeling standards. Though, control bodies in Niger must strengthen control measures to guarantee the safety and quality of imported edible oils.
Abstract: Mandatory food labeling helps Nigerien consumers to understand the origin, identity and nutritional profile of a product. So, what compliance criteria apply to vegetable oils sold on the market? The aim of this study was to assess the compliance of several edible oils available in Niger with international and local standards for labeling pre-packag...
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Research Article
Action of Sport Practice and a Diet Rich in Fibers on the Reversal of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Sedentary Women of the "INJS-Sport-Loisirs-Santé" Club
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 5, October 2026
Pages:
221-231
Received:
9 May 2026
Accepted:
8 June 2026
Published:
22 September 2026
Abstract: Well-structured physical activity, combined with a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables, reduces cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) in individuals. However, the timeframe for the reversal of these cardiometabolic risk factors in obese women, considering their different life stages (menopausal or pre-menopausal), is not clearly defined. To reverse CRFs in sedentary women, both menopausal and pre-menopausal, participating in the "INJS-Sport-Loisirs-Santé" club, through a tailored exercise programme and a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Fourteen obese women, aged 25 to 55 years, voluntarily enrolled and consented to participate in the study. They were divided into two experimental groups: post-menopausal women (group 1, n=7) and pre-menopausal women (group 2, n=7). Their anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured at baseline, after three months, and after six months of a tailored exercise programme combined with a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Before the intervention, the Body Mass Indices (BMI) were 39.7±0.8 and 38.4±0.5 kg/m², the total cholesterol/HDL ratios were 10.0 ±0.3 and 12.9±0.2, the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratios were 11.7±0.2 and 9±0.3, and blood glucose levels were 0.65±0.1 and 0.69±0.2 mg/dL, respectively, in groups 1 and 2 (P>0.05). At three months of the intervention, the inter-group comparison showed a decrease in the total cholesterol/HDL ratio of 54.6% and 51%, and the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio of 77.1% and 70.3%, respectively, in groups 1 and 2. Six months later, there was a reduction in BMI of 5.1% and 11.5%, a reduction in the total cholesterol/HDL ratio of 71.1% and 75.2%, and a reduction in the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio of 87.4% and 81.9%, with blood glucose levels remaining relatively constant in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P>0.05). The atherogenic and anti-atherogenic risks in obese women, regardless of their life stage, are significantly reduced after 3 months, while a reduction in their BMI of at least 5% is achieved after 6 months of this type of intervention.
Abstract: Well-structured physical activity, combined with a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables, reduces cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) in individuals. However, the timeframe for the reversal of these cardiometabolic risk factors in obese women, considering their different life stages (menopausal or pre-menopausal), is not clearly defined. To r...
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Research Article
Micronutrients Fortification of an Infant Porridge Based on Quinoa and Fonio Nutritional Properties
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 5, October 2026
Pages:
232-240
Received:
30 July 2026
Accepted:
26 August 2026
Published:
22 September 2026
Abstract: Problem: Commercial infants supplement porridges often contain insufficient mineral levels to meet Codex Alimentarius nutritional requirements, especially Iron, Zinc, Calcium and Copper. Objective: This study aims to determine the ability of fonio (Digitaria iburua) or quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) to correct micronutrients deficit in Nutrimix, an infant porridge flour used in Togo. Methodology: This study is an experimental comparative research conducted from February 2025 to July 2025. Various formulas containing different concentrations of quinoa grain flour and fonio grain flour were developed and analysed, to assess the impact of substituting quinoa grain flour or fonio grain flour to maize in a basic infant formula, called Nutrimix, already marketed by Togolese Institute of Agronomic Research. The cereals used to supplement Nutrimix flour were selected using a reasoned approach. Various substitutions were experienced to increase the mineral content of the final formula, especially Iron and zinc, most problematic nutrients during the complementary feeding of infants, with Copper and Calcium, expected to help meet Codex Alimentarius requirement. Five (5) formulas were developed by substituting maize with quinoa at different quantity of the final formula: 50 g of quinoa for Q1, 100 g for Q2, 150 g for Q3, 200 g for Q4 and 316 g for Q5. The same method was used for the five (5) formulas with fonio. These formulas were analysed to determine their nutritional profile, then compared to the Nutrimix formula using Student Test of means comparison. The best formula that increased Nutrimix micronutrient content was determined based on three (3) criteria: availability of the crop, significative difference of composition with Nutrimix and higher mineral content. Results: comparison of fonio and quinoa formulas to the Nutrimix shows a significant increased iron (4.58 to 59.19 mg/kg), zinc (19.03 to 27.4 mg/kg), sodium (65.59 to 90.52 mg/kg), and copper (<0.03 to 5.35 mg/kg) but the calcium level slightly decreased (from 542 to 417.7 mg/kg). Conclusion: Partial substitution of maize with quinoa and fonio significantly improved essential mineral content in infant porridges and represents a promising strategy for fighting against micronutrient deficiencies.
Abstract: Problem: Commercial infants supplement porridges often contain insufficient mineral levels to meet Codex Alimentarius nutritional requirements, especially Iron, Zinc, Calcium and Copper. Objective: This study aims to determine the ability of fonio (Digitaria iburua) or quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) to correct micronutrients deficit in Nutrimix, an in...
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Review Article
The Significant Role of Micronutrients in Early Childhood Development: Linking Iron, Zinc, Iodine and DHA to
Body–Brain–Behavior Outcomes
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 5, October 2026
Pages:
241-247
Received:
19 August 2026
Accepted:
31 August 2026
Published:
22 September 2026
Abstract: Early childhood is a critical developmental period characterized by rapid physical growth, accelerated brain maturation, and the establishment of cognitive and behavioral functions. Adequate nutrition during this period provides the foundation for optimal development by supplying essential nutrients required for cellular growth, neurological organization, immune function, and metabolic regulation. While macronutrients provide energy and structural components, micronutrients serve as biological regulators that influence multiple developmental pathways. Deficiencies of key micronutrients during early life may compromise physical growth, impair neurodevelopment, and negatively influence learning ability, emotional regulation, and behavioral outcomes. The Body–Brain–Behavior (3B) Axis provides an integrated framework for understanding how nutrition influences whole-child development. This approach recognizes that physical growth, brain maturation, and behavioral regulation are interconnected processes driven by common nutritional and biological pathways. Among essential micronutrients, iron, zinc, iodine, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have emerged as critical contributors to early childhood development. Iron supports oxygen transport, mitochondrial energy production, DNA synthesis, myelination, and neurotransmitter metabolism, particularly dopamine pathways involved in attention, motivation, and learning. Zinc plays essential roles in cellular growth, immune regulation, neuronal communication, synaptic formation, and neuroplasticity. Iodine is required for thyroid hormone production, which regulates neuronal migration, brain growth, myelination, and synaptic development. DHA, a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid and major structural component of neuronal membranes, contributes to synapse formation, neural connectivity, visual development, memory, and cognitive function. Importantly, micronutrients do not act independently; rather, they function synergistically through interconnected biological pathways. Adequate availability of multiple micronutrients supports healthy growth, optimal brain architecture, and adaptive behavioral development, whereas deficiencies may create cascading effects across the Body–Brain–Behavior domains. This review discusses the biological mechanisms through which iron, zinc, iodine, and DHA influence early childhood development and highlights their importance in supporting physical growth, neurodevelopment, cognitive performance, and behavioral regulation. Understanding these relationships reinforces the importance of micronutrient-focused nutritional strategies during the first years of life to maximize developmental potential and support lifelong health outcomes.
Abstract: Early childhood is a critical developmental period characterized by rapid physical growth, accelerated brain maturation, and the establishment of cognitive and behavioral functions. Adequate nutrition during this period provides the foundation for optimal development by supplying essential nutrients required for cellular growth, neurological organi...
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Research Article
The Triple Burden of Malnutrition in Urban Informal Settlements: Undernutrition, Overweight and Anemia Among Women of Reproductive Age in Ouagadougou
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 5, October 2026
Pages:
248-258
Received:
7 September 2026
Accepted:
16 September 2026
Published:
29 September 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijnfs.20261505.18
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Abstract: Women of reproductive age (WRA) living in informal settlements are exposed to socioeconomic, food, and health constraints that can contribute to various forms of malnutrition. Undernutrition, overweight, and anemia can thus coexist within the same population. However, data describing this nutritional vulnerability remain limited. This study aimed to describe the nutritional status of WRA living in informal settlements in Ouagadougou, highlighting undernutrition, overweight, and anemia. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in informal settlements of Ouagadougou between November and December 2023. It included 417 WRA aged 15 to 49 years, selected using a two-stage stratified sampling method. The characteristics of the WRA were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) was assessed in WRA and body mass index (BMI) in non-pregnant women. Anemia was assessed using hemoglobin levels measured with a HemoCue® device. Statistical analyses considered stratification, weighting, and clustering. The prevalence of undernutrition, as measured by MUAC, was 21.3%. Among non-pregnant women, 8.7% were underweight, with 2.1% experiencing severe underweight, while 27.9% were overweight. Anemia affected 68.3% of pregnant women and 50% of non-pregnant women. MUAC value varied significantly according to age (p = 0.013), household head status (p = 0.011), education level (p = 0.029), and meal frequency (p = 0.018). Nutritional vulnerability was particularly pronounced among younger women, female heads of household, women with little or no formal education, and those consuming no more than two meals a day. No significant associations were observed with physiological status, income-generating activities, or anorexia. These findings underscore the need for multisectoral interventions that combine improved access to adequate nutrition, nutrition education, enhanced food security, and improved access to healthcare.
Abstract: Women of reproductive age (WRA) living in informal settlements are exposed to socioeconomic, food, and health constraints that can contribute to various forms of malnutrition. Undernutrition, overweight, and anemia can thus coexist within the same population. However, data describing this nutritional vulnerability remain limited. This study aimed t...
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Research Article
Consumption of Small Ruminant Meats in Households and Outside the Home in the City of Abéché, Chad
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 5, October 2026
Pages:
259-267
Received:
8 September 2026
Accepted:
18 September 2026
Published:
29 September 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijnfs.20261505.19
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Views:
Abstract: This study concerns the consumption of small ruminant meats in households and outside the home in the city of Abéché. The surveys were conducted among 100 families, 75 out-of-home consumers, 25 butchers and 25 livestock sellers. The data collected included the profile of consumers, consumption patterns, preferences of species, socio-economic factors impacting the demand and perceived effects of urbanization and population growth. The results show that the consumption of small ruminant meat is predominantly concentrated among a young group of economically active males. 68% of families consume it daily and 65.3% outside the home. Consumption frequency is high. The most valued meat is that of sheep, both at home (81%) and away from home (87.67%). In families, the consumption declines with the rise in the number of family members, going from 5.3 ± 0.6 Kg per month for households of 1 to 3 people to 3.5 ± 2.02 Kg for those with more than 10 persons. In contrast, outside the household, consumption increases with income from 0.9 Kg/month for incomes less than 100,000 FCFA to 2.63 Kg/month for incomes more than 200,000 FCFA. Taste is the most important criterion for meat choice (50% homes, 84% outside the home). The study also found that 93% of those surveyed think consumption has increased over the previous ten years and 99% consider that urbanization has a direct impact on demand. These results show the increasing importance of small ruminant meat in the urban food habits of Abéché and the necessity to better organize the supply chain.
Abstract: This study concerns the consumption of small ruminant meats in households and outside the home in the city of Abéché. The surveys were conducted among 100 families, 75 out-of-home consumers, 25 butchers and 25 livestock sellers. The data collected included the profile of consumers, consumption patterns, preferences of species, socio-economic factor...
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